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Editorial Board

Stanley W Ashley, MD, FACS, Editor-in-Chief

Chief Medical Officer
Brigham and Women's Hospital
Frank Sawyer Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Surgery sections: Basic Surgical and Perioperative Considerations, Competency-Based Surgical Care, Head and Neck, Transplantation

Of note: Chair, American Board of Surgery; Secretary, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.

Special interests: General surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, diseases of the pancreas and inflammatory bowel disease, and pathophysiology of small bowel and pancreas.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

Douglas W Wilmore, MD, FACS, Founding Editor

Frank Sawyer Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Of note: Member, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Science. Editorial board member, Annals of Surgery and Journal of the American College of Surgeons, and Advisor to ACP Medicine. Recipient of American College of Nutrition teaching award for education, research, and clinical care.

Special interests: Metabolic response to injury and sepsis, nutritional support of critically ill patients, growth factors and patient rehabilitation, and enhancing recovery of surgical patients.

Jacob A Greenberg, MD, EdM, Weekly Curriculum Editor

Assistant Professor of Surgery
Associate General Surgery Program Director
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin

Of note: Member, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, and American College of Surgeons.

Special interests: Minimally invasive techniques for surgery of the stomach and esophagus as well as bariatric surgery.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has received grant or research support from Bard, Miromatrix Medical, and Covidien; participates in the speakers' bureau for Covidien; and is a consultant for Covidien and Bard.

William G Cance, MD, FACS, Associate Editor

Finley & Florence Brown Professor of Cancer Research
Deputy Director, University of Arizona Cancer Center at Dignity Health St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center
Professor of Interdisciplinary Oncology and Surgery
University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix
Phoenix, Arizona 

Herbert Chen, MD, FACS, Associate Editor

Chairman, Department of Surgery
Professor of Surgery
Surgeon-in-Chief
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama

Surgery sections: Scientific Foundations, Organ Systems: Anatomy and Physiology

Of note: Associate Editor, Annals of Surgery; Section Editor (Endocrinology), Annals of Surgical Oncology; Section Editor, The Oncologist; Section Editor (Endocrine), Current Surgery Reports; Associate Editor, Journal of Surgical Research; Editorial Board Member: Annals of Surgery, American Journal of Translational Research, Clinical Medicine: Endocrinology and Diabetes, International Journal of Endocrine Oncology, Journal of Dialog in Endocrinology, Surgery, Turkish Journal of Surgery, and World Journal of Surgery; Past-President of Association for Academic Surgery, current Secretary-Treasurer for Surgical Biology Club II, and current President-Elect for the Society of Clinical Surgery.

Special interests: Endocrine and neuroendocrine disease with a focus on minimally invasive endocrine surgery; the role of Notch, raf-1, and GSK3 in neuroendocrine tumor proliferation and hormone production.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

Philip A. Linden, MD, Associate Editor

Chief, Division of Thoracic and Esophageal Surgery
University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Associate Professor, Surgery
Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio

Surgery section: Thorax

Of note: Inaugural David P. Miller and Frances A. Cosentino Master Clinician in Thoracic & Esophageal Surgery at UH Case Medical Center.

Special interests: Ablative therapies, lung cancer in the emphysema patient, minimally invasive lung and esophageal surgery, thoracic cancer.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

John H Pemberton, MD, FACS, Associate Editor

Consultant, Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery
Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic
Professor of Surgery, College of Medicine
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota

Surgery section: Gastrointestinal Tract and Abdomen [lower]

Of note: Editor, Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Vol. 4, The Colon; Co-editor,Atlas of Colorectal Surgery; Editorial Board Member, British Journal of Surgery and Journal of American College of Surgeons.

Special interests: Colon and rectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases, motility disorders.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

Taylor S Riall, MD, PhD, FACS, Associate Editor

Professor, Department of Surgery
Chief, Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology
Vice Chair of Quality and Performance
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona

Surgery sections: Gastrointestinal Tract and Abdomen [upper], Care in Special Situations

Of note: Director, Center of Comparative Effectiveness and Cancer Outcomes; Editorial Board Member, Annals of Surgery, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Journal of Surgical Research.

Special interests: Pancreaticobiliary surgery, pancreatic and periampullary cancer, gastrointestinal surgery, health services/comparative effectiveness research.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

David A Spain, MD, FACS, Associate Editor

The David L. Gregg, MD Professor and Chief of Acute Care Surgery
Associate Division Chief of General Surgery
Department of Surgery, Stanford University
Trauma Medical Director, Stanford Healthcare

Surgery sections: Critical Care, Trauma and Thermal Injury

Of note: Founding member of the Surgical Critical Care Program Directors Society, American College of Surgeons Program Committee, American College of Surgeons Board of Governors, and Editorial Board of Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Special interests: Shock, sepsis, multiple organ failure, and ICU pneumonia, as well as organizational characteristics of well-functioning trauma centers and systems.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

R James Valentine, MD, FACS, Associate Editor

Professor of Surgery
Director, Vascular Fellowship Program
Division of Vascular Surgery
University of Minnesota

Surgery section: Vascular System

Of note: Director, American Board of Surgery; Director, Vascular Surgery Board of the American Board of Surgery; Past President, Association of Program Directors in Surgery; Editorial Board Member, American Surgeon, Vascular, and Journal of Surgical Education; recipient of ACGME Parker J. Palmer Courage to Teach Award in 2009; Founding Editor, Scientific American Vascular and Endovascular Surgery.

Special interests: Vascular and endovascular surgery; natural history, epidemiology, and control of premature peripheral atherosclerosis; outcomes in vascular surgery; research in graduate medical education.

Financial Disclosure: The editor has no commercial relationship with manufacturers of products or providers of services discussed in this publication.

Contents

Scientific Foundations

Scientific Foundations

Basic Concepts of Anesthesia Advance Directives, Do Not Resuscitate Orders, and Power of Attorney for Health Care Postoperative Pain Management Clinical Pharmacology Clinical Trial Design and Statistics Evidence-Based Medicine Acid-Base Disorders Nature and Clinical Impact of Physiologic Changes Associated with Aging Evaluation of Surgical Risk Perioperative Antithrombotic Therapy Management and Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Preoperative Evaluation of the Elderly Surgical Patient Perioperative Management of Patients on Steroids Requiring Surgery Pharmacologic Considerations in the Elderly Surgical Patient Prevention and Diagnosis of Infection Surgical Considerations in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients Viral Infection Fungal Infections Prevention of Postoperative Infection Sepsis Infection Control in Surgical Practice Minimally Invasive Surgery: Equipment and Troubleshooting Technical Aspects of Laparoscopic Surgery Robotic Surgery Nutritional Support Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Molecular Genetics of Cancer Cancer Immunology The Skin and the Physiology of Normal Wound Healing Management of Acute Wounds Management of Chronic Wounds Postoperative and Adjunctive Wound Care Clinical Immunology and Innate Immunity Perioperative Management of the Surgical Patient on Suboxone (Buprenorphine and Naloxone) Candidiasis Systemic Antifungal Agents Noncandidal Fungal Infections Principles and Techniques of Abdominal Access and Physiology of Pneumoperitoneum Principles of Cancer Treatment Principles of Cancer Diagnosis Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hyponatremia Hypernatremia Disorders of Water and Sodium Balance: Hypernatremia
Organ Systems: Anatomy and Physiology

Organ Systems: Anatomy and Physiology

Cardiac System The Renal System The Esophagus The Endocrine System: Thyroid and Parathyroid The Liver and Portal System Gallbladder and Biliary Tree The Pancreas The Spleen Small Bowel Human Adult Reproductive System The Colon, Appendix, Rectum, and Anus The Parathyroids The Stomach The Duodenum The Endocrine System: Adrenal Glands The Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland The Respiratory System: Physiology The Respiratory System: Physiologic Assessment and Real-world Application Respiratory System: Physiology of Mechanical Ventilation
Basic Surgical and Perioperative Considerations

Basic Surgical and Perioperative Considerations

Postoperative Management of the Hospitalized Patient Bleeding and Transfusion Preparation of the Operating Room Enhanced Recovery Pathways: Organization of Evidence-Based, Fast-Track Perioperative Care Bleeding and Transfusion
Breast, Skin, and Soft Tissue

Breast, Skin, and Soft Tissue

Soft Tissue Infection Breast Cancer Evolving Molecular Therapeutics and Their Applications to Surgical Oncology Soft Tissue Sarcoma Breast Procedures Surgical Management of Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Biopsy Principles of Wound Management and Soft Tissue Repair I Principles of Wound Management and Soft Tissue Repair II Breast Benign Findings and Disease Breast Screening and Evaluation, High Risk Patients Cutaneous Scarring
Care in Special Situations

Care in Special Situations

The Elderly Surgical Patient The Pediatric Surgical Patient Gynecologic Considerations for the General Surgeon The Pregnant Surgical Patient Urologic Considerations for the General Surgeon Plastic Surgery Considerations for the General Surgeon General Surgery in Patients with End-Stage Organ Disease The Immunocompromised Surgical Patient Substance Use Disorders in the Surgical Patient The Diabetic Surgical Patient The Morbidly Obese Surgical Patient Risk Factors and Epidemiology of Pulmonary Embolism Nonobstetric Surgery during Pregnancy: An Overview for Anesthesia Providers Physiologic and Anatomic Changes during Pregnancy Pregnancy-Related Emergencies
Competency-Based Surgical Care

Competency-Based Surgical Care

Bedside Procedures for General Surgeons Ethical Issues in Surgery Value-Driven Nonemergent Surgical Care Evidence-Based Surgery Minimizing Vulnerability to Malpractice Claims Nontechnical Skills in Surgery Patient Safety in Surgical Care Performance Measurement in Surgery Preoperative Testing and Planning for Safer Surgery Process Improvement in Surgery Professionalism in Surgery Strategies for Improving Surgical Quality Surgical Palliative Care Surgical Practice Management The Impaired Surgeon Bedside Procedures for General Surgeons: Part 1 Bedside Procedures for General Surgeons: Part 2 Understanding Patient Safety in Surgical Care Improving Patient Safety in Surgical Care Health Economics: National Health Expenditures Health Economics: Select Concepts of the Health Production Function, Risk, and Insurance
Critical Care

Critical Care

Cardiac Resuscitation Shock Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome Pulmonary Insufficiency and Respiratory Failure Acute Kidney Injury Brain Failure and Brain Death Coma, Cognitive Impairment, and Seizures Glycemic Control in the Intensive Care Unit Coagulation Disorders Stress Response and Endocrine Deregulation during Critical Illness Hospital Infections Intra-Abdominal Infection Electrolytes Metabolic Response to Critical Illness - Part 1 Molecular and Cellular Mediators of the Inflammatory Response Postoperative and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Severity of Illness Scoring Systems in Critical Care Quality Improvement in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit Principles of Empirical and Therapeutic Antimicrobial Therapy Septic Shock Signs of Abuse Blunt Cerebrovascular Injuries End of Life Care and Withdrawal of Life Support Disclosure of Error in the Intensive Care Unit Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit Management of Shock in Infants and Children Caustic and Toxic Ingestions Evaluating the Quality of Evidence Postoperative Management of Liver Transplant Patients Renal Support Therapy Fluid and Electrolyte Considerations for the Pediatric Surgical Patient The Immunocompromised Surgical Patient and Opportunistic Infections Cardiac Support Devices Overview of Enteral Nutrition Cardiac Arrhythmias, Acute Coronary Syndromes, and Heart Failure in the Surgical Patient Mechanical Ventilation: Respiratory Physiology and Conventional Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation: Advanced Ventilation and Adjuncts Mechanical Ventilation: Approaches and Special Considerations Acute Hepatic Failure Chronic Hepatic Failure Approach to the Patient with Shock Ischemic Cardiac Event Metabolic Response to Critical Illness - Part 2 Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring in the ICU
Gastrointestinal Tract and Abdomen

Gastrointestinal Tract and Abdomen

Abdominal Pain and Abdominal Mass Jaundice Intestinal Obstruction Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Surgical Treatment of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Hiatal Hernia Diagnosis and Management of Benign Gastric and Duodenal Disease Tumors of the Stomach and Small Bowel Management of Uncomplicated Gallstones and Benign Gallbladder Disease Management of Complicated Gallstone Disease Periampullary and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas Cystic Tumors of the Pancreas Tumors of the Liver and Biliary Tract Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis Portal Hypertension Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pancreatic and Liver Surgery Splenectomy Disorders of the Adrenal Glands Repair of Ventral Abdominal Wall Hernias Inguinal Hernia Anatomy, Physiology, and Measurement of Physiologic Function for Colorectal Surgery Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Intestinal Anastomosis Fecal Incontinence Pelvic Floor Dysfunction Pilonidal Disease Colonic Volvulus Fissure, Fistula, and Abscesses Inflammatory Bowel Disease Surgical Management of Ulcerative Colitis Crohn Disease Appendectomy Hereditary Colorectal Cancer and Polyposis Syndromes Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Management of Colorectal Cancer Operations for Colon Cancer Procedures for Rectal Cancer Management of Hepatic Metastases From Colorectal Cancer Anal Neoplasms, Presacral Tumors, and Rare Malignancies Acute and Chronic Radiation Injury to the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Intestinal Stomas Surgical Management of Benign and Malignant Colorectal Disease in the Immunocompromised Patient Reoperative Pelvic Surgery Achieving Evidence-Based Practices in Colorectal Surgery Advanced and Recurrent Rectal Cancer The LGBT Colorectal Patient Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Complex Perianal Fistulas Benign Diseases of the Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum Malignant Diseases of the Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum Diet Advancement after Weight Loss Surgery Constipation: Diagnosis and Investigation Constipation: Medical and Surgical Treatment Minimally Invasive Approaches in Liver Surgery Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pancreatic Surgery Hemorrhoids Tumors of the Liver Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Basic Upper Endoscopy Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Advanced Endoscopic Techniques Diagnosis and Management of Acute Diverticulitis Special Considerations of Diverticulitis and Diverticular Bleeding Surgical Treatment of Diverticulitis Tumors of the Biliary Tract Rectal Prolapse: Abdominal Procedures Rectal Prolapse: Perineal Procedures
Head and Neck

Head and Neck

Parotid Mass Neck Dissection Head and Neck Diagnostic Procedures Parotidectomy Neck Mass Parathyroid Diseases and Operations Thyroid Diseases Tracheostomy Oral Cavity Procedures Thyroidectomy: Technique, Tips, and Troubleshooting Benign and Malignant Thyroid Diseases Oral Cavity Lesions
Thorax

Thorax

Dysphagia Cough and Hemoptysis Chest Wall Mass Pleural Effusion Solitary Pulmonary Nodule Invasive Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques in Lung Disease Paralyzed Diaphragm Open Esophageal Procedures Minimally Invasive Esophageal Procedures Chest Wall Procedures Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Mediastinal Procedures Pericardial Procedures Decortication and Pleurectomy Computed Tomographic Screening for Lung Cancer Pulmonary Resection Diaphragmatic Procedures Thoracic Diagnostic and Staging Procedures Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Diagnosis and Management of Barrett Esophagus Stereotactic Body Radiation and Other Ablative Therapies
Transplantation

Transplantation

Transplantation Immunobiology Infections Following Transplantation Lung Transplantation 1: An Overview - Recipient Evaluation and Procedures Lung Transplantation 2: Care of the Lung Transplant Recipient Kidney Transplantation 1: An Overview--Recipient Evaluation and Immunosuppression Kidney Transplantation 2: Care of the Kidney Transplant Recipient Liver and Pancreas Transplantation Heart Transplantation - Part I: General Considerations Organ Procurement The Future of Transplant Biology and Surgery Transplantation Ethics and Policy Small Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation Transplant Immunology: Basic Immunology and Clinical Practice Heart Transplantation - Part II: Aspects of Procedure and Medical Management
Trauma and Thermal Injury

Trauma and Thermal Injury

Initial Management of Life-Threatening Trauma Injuries to the Chest Part 1 Injuries to the Stomach, Small Bowel, Colon, and Rectum Injuries to the Face and Jaw Injuries to the Liver and Biliary Tract Injuries to the Neck Operative Exposure of Abdominal Injuries and Closure of the Abdomen Injuries to Great Vessels of the Abdomen Injuries to the Upper Urogenital Tract Injuries to the Pelvis and Extremities Management of the Patient with Thermal Injuries Injuries to the Peripheral Blood Vessels Miscellaneous Burns and Related Conditions Management of the Burn Wound Rehabilitation of the Burn Patient Trauma Imaging Geriatric Trauma Venomous Bites and Stings Injuries to the Spleen and Diaphragm Injuries to the Lower Urogenital Tract and Genitalia New Techniques in Hemorrhage Control Cerebral Metabolism and Blood Flow Following Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Principles of Initial Trauma Management and Evaluation Pancreatic Trauma Duodenal Trauma Injuries to the Chest Part 2: Mediastinal Injuries Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma
Vascular System

Vascular System

Medical Management of Vascular Disease Acute Limb Ischemia Lower Extremity Ulcers Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Surgical Treatment of Carotid Artery Disease Pulsatile Abdominal Mass Asymptomatic Carotid Bruit/Carotid Artery Stenosis Infrainguinal Arterial Procedures Aortoiliac Reconstruction Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Anterior Retroperitoneal Spine Exposure Repair of Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Repair of Femoral and Popliteal Artery Aneurysms Compartment Syndrome Lower Extremity Amputation for Ischemia Strategies of Hemodialysis Access Varicose Vein Surgery Sclerotherapy Venous Thromboembolism Peritoneal Dialysis Access Carotid Artery Stenting Endovascular Procedures For Lower Extremity Vascular Disease: Basics of Endovascular Intervention Fundamentals of Endovascular Surgery Preoperative Evaluation of the Vascular Patient Assessment of Hemostasis Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Treatment of Diabetic Foot Endovascular Techniques in Mesenteric Ischemia Endovascular Procedures For Lower Extremity Vascular Disease: Specifics of Endovascular Treatment Management of Nonthrombotic May-Thurner Syndrome Management of Acute Iliofemoral Deep Vein Thrombosis Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysms: Open and Endovascular Repair
Normal Lab Values

Normal Lab Values

Normal Lab Values
Other

Other

Transplantation for the General Surgeon: History of Transplantation, End-organ Disease, Organ Donation and Allocation, and Transplantation Regulation and Ethics Transplantation for the General Surgeon: Care of the Transplant Patient Coronaviruses: HCoV, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and COVID-19
Endoscopic Surgery Essentials

Endoscopic Surgery Essentials

Foreign Body Ingestion Video Capsule Endoscopy and Deep Enteroscopy Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Lower Gastrointestinal Endoscopy New Endoscopic Techniques Endoscopic Ultrasonography Endoscopic Techniques for Obtaining Enteral Access Endoscopic Management of Postbariatric Fistulae and Leaks Enteral Stenting: An Overview of Gastrointestinal Luminal Endoprostheses Endoscopic Therapy for Dysplastic Barrett Esophagus and Intramucosal Cancer
Surgical Oncology

Surgical Oncology

Parotid Mass Breast Cancer Evolving Molecular Therapeutics and Their Applications to Surgical Oncology Soft Tissue Sarcoma Neck Mass Surgical Management of Melanoma and Other Skin Cancers Periampullary and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas Tumors of the Liver and Biliary Tract Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Cancer Immunology Hereditary Colorectal Cancer and Polyposis Syndromes Adenocarcinoma of the Colon and Rectum Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Management of Colorectal Cancer Operations for Colon Cancer Procedures for Rectal Cancer Management of Hepatic Metastases From Colorectal Cancer Anal Neoplasms, Presacral Tumors, and Rare Malignancies Surgical Management of Benign and Malignant Colorectal Disease in the Immunocompromised Patient Advanced and Recurrent Rectal Cancer Nerve Sheath Tumors: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, Schwannomas, and Neurofibromas Principles of Cancer Treatment Principles of Cancer Diagnosis Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Clerkship

Clerkship

Transplantation Postoperative Care and Pain Management Surgical Nutrition Wounds Fluids and Electrolytes

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